
In the West, discussions about Iran often begin in 1979: the Islamic Revolution, the hostage crisis, chants of “Death to America,” nuclear tensions, and decades of hostility between Tehran and Washington and Tel Aviv. Much of this “Death to America” rhetoric is contrived, financed and perpetuated by forces inside and outside Iran to foment division, distrust and precipitate war; however, for many Iranians, grievances start much earlier.
Iran has literally been chewed up and spat out numerous times by the West for over a century.
Long before the Islamic Republic existed, Iran experienced foreign interference, economic exploitation, wartime occupation, major famines, coups, sanctions, and repeated violations of sovereignty by outside powers. These events became embedded in Iranian historical memory across generations.
This does not justify every action of this Iranian government, nor does it erase the repression many Iranians feel under their own rulers. But understanding Iranian grudges against the West requires understanding the history that produced it.
For many Iranians, anti-Western sentiment is not simply ideology. It is historical accumulation. And added to this legacy, now, is the recent disastrous Israeli-Trump attacks -that besides killing Khamenei, led to the deaths of 167 school girls; serious damage to one of the oldest historic monuments in the capital and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Golestan Palace – to name a few (and the rise of more hardline elements of the regime). A total utter destructive and political failure to add value! And with this, a continuous barrage of humiliation against Iranians, with threats of permanent destruction of Iranian civilization. Iranians are fully aware that this regime was flown in by the West on a French government-chartered Air France 747! And were secretly in bed with the US for decades, supporting the US invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan. Iranians are fully aware of how the west provided and commercially sold billions of dollars of nuclear plants to Iran, and then used a false nuclear pretext to sanction, contain, and impoverish Iranians (to help its Arab allies and Israel prosper at Iran’s expense). But this is all recent, there is a century of pain, abuse and exploitation to a nation that was once America’s strongest, best positioned and staunchest regional ally.
To help readers understand, here is an incomplete list of major grudges Iranians hold against the West. And, Trump just added to this list.
1. The Reuter Concession: When Iran Nearly Signed Away Its Economy
One of the earliest grievances dates back to the 19th century.
In 1872, the Qajar monarchy granted British businessman Baron Julius de Reuter an astonishingly broad concession over Iran’s economy. The agreement handed foreign interests extensive control over railways, mines, forests, canals, roads, factories, and other infrastructure projects.
Even some Europeans at the time considered the deal excessive.
To many Iranians, it symbolized a humiliating reality: weak rulers, under financial pressure, surrendering national sovereignty to foreign powers.
Although the concession was eventually cancelled, it left behind a deep suspicion that Western powers did not merely seek commerce with Iran — they sought domination over Iran itself.
2. World War I: Neutrality Ignored, Famine Unleashed
Iran declared neutrality during World War I.
It did not matter.
British, Russian, Ottoman, and other military forces operated across Iranian territory anyway, turning the country into a geopolitical corridor. Agricultural production collapsed, trade routes were disrupted, disease spread, and governance broke down.
The result was catastrophe.
Iran suffered one of the worst humanitarian crises in its modern history, with famine, displacement, and mass civilian suffering devastating the population. Estimates of deaths vary, but the trauma remained deeply etched into Iranian memory.
For many Iranians, the lesson was clear: great powers spoke of law and sovereignty, but ignored both when strategic interests were involved.
3. World War II: Occupation Again
History repeated itself during World War II.
Despite declaring neutrality once more, Iran was invaded in 1941 by British and Soviet forces seeking to secure oil supplies and wartime transport routes into the Soviet Union.
The occupation forced Reza Shah from power and placed Iran under foreign military control once again.
Food shortages, inflation, instability, and economic hardship followed.
To many Iranians, the repeated invasions reinforced a painful belief: Iran’s sovereignty existed only when larger powers found it convenient.
4. The Anglo-Persian Oil Concession
If one grievance became central to modern Iranian nationalism, it was oil.
The Anglo-Persian Oil Company secured highly favorable rights to Iranian oil while Iran itself received only a fraction of the profits generated from its own natural wealth.
The arrangement became symbolic of foreign exploitation:
- Britain accumulated enormous strategic wealth
- Iranian workers often lived in poor conditions
- Iran remained underdeveloped despite vast oil revenues
The anger surrounding oil was not simply economic. It became tied to national dignity.
Many Iranians concluded that Western powers preferred Iran weak, dependent, and controllable.
5. The 1953 Coup Against Mosaddegh
For many Iranians, this remains the defining betrayal.
Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh sought to nationalize Iranian oil and reclaim control over the country’s resources.
In response, the United States and Britain backed the 1953 Iranian coup d’état, removing Mosaddegh from power and restoring the Shah’s authority.
The message many Iranians took from the coup was devastating:
- democracy was tolerated only when it aligned with Western interests
- national sovereignty could be overridden for oil and geopolitics
- Iran’s political future was subject to foreign manipulation
The coup fundamentally altered Iranian perceptions of the United States and Britain.
Even today, it remains central to Iran’s political consciousness.
6. Western Support for the Shah
After the coup, the West strongly backed Mohammad Reza Pahlavi for decades.
The Shah modernized parts of Iran and pursued ambitious development projects, but his rule also became associated with:
- authoritarian governance
- censorship
- political imprisonment
- torture by SAVAK
- widening inequality
- aggressive cultural westernization
Because the United States became closely associated with the Shah’s regime, many Iranians came to view American influence not as support for freedom, but support for dictatorship.
7. 1979: The Revolution, Khomeini, and Western Ambiguity
Another lasting grievance concerns the fall of the Shah and the rise of Ayatollah Khomeini.
Khomeini spent his final months of exile in France before returning to Iran aboard an Air France Boeing 747 in February 1979. Western journalists amplified his message globally as the Shah’s government collapsed.
What remains debated is the extent to which Western governments merely miscalculated events, abandoned the Shah when he became politically unsustainable, or actively facilitated the rise of the Islamic Republic as an alternative to nationalist or leftist revolutionary forces.
Many Iranians — especially secular opponents of the Islamic Republic — believe the West helped create the conditions that empowered the very regime it later spent decades condemning.
To them, the contradiction is bitter:
- the West supported the Shah
- then appeared to abandon him
- then spent decades confronting the regime that replaced him
This sequence reinforced a broader Iranian suspicion that foreign powers treat Iran primarily as a strategic chessboard rather than a sovereign nation.
8. The Iran-Iraq War and Support for Saddam Hussein
The Iran–Iraq War remains one of the deepest traumas in modern Iranian history.
When Saddam Hussein invaded Iran in 1980, many Iranians believed much of the world sided against them.
Western governments, Gulf monarchies, and others provided Iraq with intelligence, financing, military equipment, and strategic support.
Particularly painful was Iraq’s widespread use of chemical weapons against Iranian troops and civilians.
Many Iranians believe the international response remained muted because revolutionary Iran was seen as the greater geopolitical threat.
The war killed hundreds of thousands and permanently shaped Iranian national identity.
9. Iran Air Flight 655
In 1988, the U.S. Navy cruiser USS Vincennes shot down Iran Air Flight 655 over the Persian Gulf, killing all 290 civilians aboard.
The United States said the civilian aircraft was mistaken for a hostile military plane.
Inside Iran, however, the incident became a symbol of impunity:
- civilians died
- no formal apology came
- the ship’s captain later received military recognition
For many Iranians, it reinforced the belief that Iranian lives were treated as expendable within larger geopolitical struggles.
10. Sanctions and Economic Warfare
Modern sanctions became another major grievance.
The United States and its allies imposed sweeping restrictions on Iran’s:
- banking system
- oil exports
- shipping
- technology access
- financial networks
Supporters argue sanctions pressure the Iranian government and nuclear program.
Critics argue ordinary civilians bear the greatest burden through:
- inflation
- medicine shortages
- currency collapse
- unemployment
- declining living standards
Many Iranians distinguish sharply between opposition to their own government and resentment toward policies they believe collectively punish the population.
11. The Nuclear Deal and the Collapse of Trust
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action briefly created hope for normalized relations.
Iran accepted extensive nuclear restrictions and inspections in exchange for sanctions relief.
But after the United States withdrew from the agreement in 2018 under Donald Trump, many Iranians concluded:
- agreements with the West are temporary
- diplomatic concessions may not survive American political changes
- Iran cannot rely on negotiated guarantees
Even many Iranians critical of their own government viewed the withdrawal as evidence that Western commitments could disappear overnight.
12. Assassinations, Covert Operations, and Endless Pressure
Iran has also experienced decades of:
- cyberattacks
- sabotage
- assassinations
- covert operations
- proxy wars
- targeted killings
The killing of Qasem Soleimani in 2020 intensified nationalist anger even among some Iranians opposed to the regime itself.
Many Iranians perceive a broader pattern: regardless of who governs Iran, outside powers continue attempting to isolate, weaken, pressure, or destabilize the country.
13. Cultural Disrespect and National Identity
For many Iranians, the grievances are not purely political.
Iran sees itself as one of the world’s oldest civilizations, with great pride in Persian culture, literature, science, and history.
Actions such as:
- referring to the Persian Gulf as the “Arabian Gulf.”
- broad portrayals of Iran as uniquely irrational or uncivilized
- rhetoric implying collective punishment or regime collapse
are often experienced not simply as political disagreement, but as attacks on national dignity itself.
Conclusion: History Did Not Begin in 1979
None of this erases the abuses of the Islamic Republic.
None of it eliminates the suffering many Iranians experience under their own government.
But understanding Iranian distrust of the West requires acknowledging that history did not begin with the hostage crisis.
For many Iranians, the grievances stretch across:
- concessions
- occupations
- famines
- coups
- dictatorships
- wars
- sanctions
- broken agreements
- covert conflict
This accumulated memory shapes how millions of Iranians interpret modern events.
And until that history is honestly confronted, distrust between Iran and the West is unlikely to disappear — no matter how many negotiations, sanctions, threats, or temporary agreements come and go.









